Snag characteristics and dynamics following natural and artificially induced mortality in a managed loblolly pine forest
نویسندگان
چکیده
A 14-year study of snag characteristics was established in 41to 44-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) stands in southeastern USA. During the initial 5.5 years, no stand manipulation or unusually high-mortality events occurred. Afterwards, three treatments were applied consisting of trees thinned and removed, trees felled and not removed, and artificial creation of snags produced by girdling and herbicide injection. The thinned treatments were designed to maintain the same live canopy density as the snag-created treatment, disregarding snags that remained standing.Wemonitored snag height, diameter, density, volume, and bark percentage; the number of cavities wasmonitored in natural snags only. During the first 5.5 years, recruitment and loss rates were stable, resulting in a stable snag population. Large snags (≥25 cm diameter) were common, but subcanopy small snags (10 to <25 cm diameter) dominated numerically. Large natural snags survived (90% quantile) significantly longer (6.0–9.4 years) than smaller snags (4.4–6.9 years). Large artificial snags persisted the longest (11.8 years). Cavities in natural snags developed within 3 years following tree death. Themean number of cavities per snag was five times greater in large versus small snags and large snags were more likely to have multiple cavities, emphasizing the importance of mature pine stands for cavity-dependent wildlife species. Résumé : Une étude d'une durée de 14 ans portant sur les caractéristiques des chicots a été établie dans des peuplements de pin à encens (Pinus taeda L.) dans le sud-est des États-Unis. Durant les 5,5 premières années, il n'y a eu aucune intervention ni épisode de mortalité inhabituellement élevée. Par la suite, trois traitements ont été appliqués : éclaircie avec enlèvement des arbres abattus; abattage d'arbres laissés sur place; et création artificielle de chicots par annélation et injection d'herbicide. Les éclaircies ont été planifiées demanière à conserver la même densité de couvert forestier vivant que le traitement de création de chicots en ne tenant pas compte des chicots qui sont demeurés debout. Nous avons effectué un suivi de la hauteur, de la densité et du volume des chicots ainsi que du pourcentage d'écorce sur les chicots; le nombre de cavités a été relevé sur les chicots naturels seulement. Pendant les 5,5 premières années, les taux de recrutement et de perte sont demeurés stables, d'où une population stable de chicots. Les gros chicots (diamètre ≥ 25 cm) étaient communs mais les petits chicots (diamètre = 10 à < 25 cm) en sous-étage dominaient en nombre. Les gros chicots naturels ont survécu (quantile 90%) significativement plus longtemps (6,0–9,4 ans) que les chicots plus petits (4,4–6,9 ans). Les gros chicots artificiels ont persisté le plus longtemps (11,8 ans). Des cavités se sont formées dans les chicots naturels moins de trois ans après la mort des arbres. Le nombre moyen de cavités par chicot était cinq fois plus élevé sur les gros chicots que sur les petits et les gros chicots était plus susceptibles d'avoir plus d'une cavité, faisant ressortir l'importance des pinèdes matures pour les espèces sauvages dont le sort est lié à la présence de cavités. [Traduit par la Rédaction]
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